New Public Management Approach Free Essays

The Concept of ‘New public management Approach’ New public management (NPM) denotes broadly the government policies, since the 1980s, which aimed to modernize and render more effective the public sector. The basic hypothesis holds that market oriented management of the public sector will lead to greater cost-efficiency for governments, without having negative side-effects on other objectives and considerations. The last two decades to 2006 have been associated with a fundamental shift in the principles of public sector management in all industrialized countries. We will write a custom essay sample on New Public Management Approach or any similar topic only for you Order Now This had, in turn, been a product of a general reinvention of the role of government, its agencies, the means by which services are delivered, and employment practices within public sector organizations. At its core, this has been associated with a move away from a traditional model of public administration towards variants of the ‘new public sector management’ model. The traditional model of public administration, based on the doctrine of the separation of powers, was associated with the delegation of a specific set of functions to public administrators in the implementation of policy and the expenditure of public funds. A central principle associated with this model was the idea that public service employees were independent from the political process. Their role was encapsulated by the maxim of providing advice ‘without fear or favour’. This capacity for independent advice was assured through the idea of a career in the public service and explicit norms of behaviour and professional conduct. It has also been presumed that public service employees were less likely to be motivated by extrinsic rewards, more likely to identify with value of service to the public and the provision of public goods, and have a strong commitment to principles of justice, fairness and equity in discharging their duties. This traditional model of public administration was associated with an expansive view of the role of government, which prevailed throughout much of the twentieth century. This view produced a significant role for government in regulating economic and social relations, owning productive assets and producing goods and services, in a range of areas in the period until the mid to late 1970s. From that time, the role of government and public sector organisations came under sustained scrutiny, with the result that governments privatised production of many goods and services previously seen as the natural domain of government, such as essential services; withdrew from the direct control f production of goods and services funded by the public purse through corporatization and outsourcing; and encouraged the contestability of markets in which the government had previously been a monopoly producer. This general reorientation of the role of government has been associated with changes to internal organizational attributes and management practices within public sector organizations. This ‘new public management’ has shifted the focus from public servic e to service delivery. The principles associated with new public management have been informed by the idea that public service needs to be more responsive to both the preferences of beneficiaries, citizens who pay for service provision through tax, and politicians who represent the collective will and make policy choices. From this perspective, ministers are seen as analogous to customers, and citizens to consumers. New public management has been informed by economic doctrines that have advocated privatization, contestability in the delivery of public goods and services and, where possible, the provision of these goods and services through the private sector. For the core public service, this has also been associated with significant reforms to public employment systems and the norms of what constitutes professional public service. For Australian public service employees, this shift has involved the displacement of core legislative protections associated with independence by ‘value statements’ and ‘codes of ethical conduct’, along with protective legislation for whistleblowers. More generally, this shift has occurred within the context of a decentralization of managerial responsibilities for workforce planning and human resource management to individual departments and agencies. For middle managers, this has meant a significant increase in responsibility for both ensuring probity in managerial practice and dealing with the ethical issues and conflicts that arise in dealing with ministers and stakeholders, the responsible expenditure of public money and the fair and just delivery of services to the community. Developments Some modern authors define NPM as a combination of splitting large bureaucracies into smaller, more fragmented ones, competition between different public agencies, and between public agencies and private firms and incentivization on more economic lines. Defined in this way, NPM has been a significant driver in public management policy around the world, from the early 1980s to at least the early 2000s. NPM, compared to other public management theories, is oriented towards outcomes and efficiency, through better management of public budget. It is considered to be achieved by applying competition, as it is known in the private sector, to organizations in the public sector, emphasizing economic and leadership principles. New public management addresses beneficiaries of public services much like customers, and conversely citizens as shareholders. In 2007, the European Commission produced a white book on governance issues whose objective was to propose a new kind of â€Å"relationship between the state and the citizens,† reform governance, improve public management and render decision-making â€Å"more flexible. † Criticism Some authors say NPM has peaked and is now in decline. Critics like Dunleavy proclaim that NPM is ‘dead’ and argue that the cutting edge of change has moved on to digital era governance focusing on reintegrating concerns into government control, holistic (or joined-up) government and digitalization (exploiting the Web and digital storage and communication within government). In the UK and US NPM has been challenged since the turn of the century by a range of related critiques such as Third Way thinking (see Anthony Giddens) and particularly the rise of ideas associated with Public Value Theory (Mark Moore, Kennedy Business School, John Benington, Warwick Business School) which have re-asserted a focus on citizenship, networked governance and the role of public agencies in working with citizens to co-create public value, generate democratic authorisation, legitimacy and trust, and stress the domains within which public managers are working as complex adaptive systems with characteristics which are qualitatively different from simple market forms, or private sector business principles. In his book Bad Samaritans, economist Ha-Joon Chang claims that â€Å"increased NPM-inspired reforms have often increased, rather than reduced, corruption,† as a result of â€Å"more contacts [of state-sector functionaries] with the private sector, creating new opportunities for bribes† and future, direct or indirect, employment in the private sector. Chang claims that â€Å"corruption often exists because there are too many market forces; not too few. † Robert Nield, a retired Cambridge economics professor and a member of the 1968 Fulton civil service reform committee, has stated, in reference to civil sector reforms implemented by British PM Margaret Thatcher, a pioneer and strong proponent of NPM, â€Å"I cannot think of another instance where a modern democracy has systematically undone the system by which incorrupt public services were brought into being. â€Å" How to cite New Public Management Approach, Essay examples

The Republic of Panama Essay Example For Students

The Republic of Panama Essay The official name of Panama is the Republic of Panama or (Repblica de Panam). Panama is located on the narrowest and lowest part of the Isthmus of Panama that links North America and South America. This part of the isthmus is situated between 7 and 10 north latitude and 77 and 83 west longitude. Panama is slightly smaller than South Carolina, approximately 77,082 square kilometers. The country’s two coastlines are referred to as the Caribbean and Pacific, rather than the north and south coasts. To the east is Colombia and to the west Costa Rica. Pacific. Dominant features of their landform is highlands forming the continental divide. The higher elevations near borders with Costa Rica and Colombia. The highest point in the country is the Volcn Bar which rises to almost 3,500 meters. The lowest elevation is in the middle of the country where it is crossed by the Panama Canal. Most of the population is on the Pacific side of the divide. The population of the country is around 2. 8 million with a growth rate of 1. 5%. The racial and ethnic groups are 65% mestizo, 14% African descent, 10% Spanish descent, 10% Indian. The religion is 85% Roman Catholic, % Protestant, and 5% Islamic. Spanish is the official language, though United States influence and the canal zone reinforce the use of English as a second language. Panamas arts show its ethnic mix. Indian tribes, West Indian groups, mestizos, Chinese, Middle Eastern, Swiss, Yugoslav and North American immigrants have all offer contributed ingredients to the culture. Traditional arts are woodcarving, weaving, ceramics and mask-making. The capital city is Panama City with major cities of Colon, Bocas del Toro, Potobelo, El porvenir, Santiago, Tocumen, La Palma, David, Balboa, and el Dorado. Political culture traditionally characterized by personalism, the tendency to give ones political loyalties to an individual rather than to a party. Politics from 1968 until his death in 1981 dominated by General Omar Torrijos Herrera, Their form of government is Executive under provisions of their 1972 Constitution, as amended in 1978 and 1983. The chief executive is president of the republic, he is assisted by two vice presidents, all elected by popular vote for five-year terms. The unit of currency is the Balboa which is equal to the United States dollar. Balboas are available only in coins. Almost 500 rivers intertwine through Panamas landscape. Many of these rivers originated as swift highland streams. The Ro Chepo and the Ro Chagres are sources of hydroelectric power. The Ro Chagres is one of the longest and most vital of the 150 rivers that flow into the Caribbean. A part of this river was dammed to create Gatun Lake, which forms a major part of the transit route between the locks near each end of the canal. Panama has a tropical climate with high temperatures and humidity year round. Seasons determined by rainfall rather than by changes in temperature. The country is divided into nine provinces, plus the Comarca de San Blas, which is treated as part of Coln Province. The provincial borders have not changed since they were determined at independence in 1903. The provinces are divided into districts, which in turn are subdivided into sections called corregimientos. The country claims the seabed of the continental shelf, which has been defined by Panama. In addition, a 1958 law asserts jurisdiction over 12 nautical miles from the coastlines, and in 1968the government announced a claim to a 200-nautical-mile Exclusive Economic Zone. The major port on the Pacific coastline is Balboa. The principal islands are Archipilago de las Perlas in the middle of the Gulf of Panama, the penal colony, and the island of Taboga, a tourist attraction that can be seen from Panama City. In all, there are some 1,000 islands off the Pacific coast. The Pacific coastal waters are extraordinarily shallow. Depths of 180 meters are reached only outside the perimeters of both the Gulf of Panama and the Golfo de Chiriqu, and wide mud flats extend up to 70 kilometers from the coastlines. As a result, the tidal range is outrageous. .u9340db2666f32295bfc0349715688580 , .u9340db2666f32295bfc0349715688580 .postImageUrl , .u9340db2666f32295bfc0349715688580 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u9340db2666f32295bfc0349715688580 , .u9340db2666f32295bfc0349715688580:hover , .u9340db2666f32295bfc0349715688580:visited , .u9340db2666f32295bfc0349715688580:active { border:0!important; } .u9340db2666f32295bfc0349715688580 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u9340db2666f32295bfc0349715688580 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u9340db2666f32295bfc0349715688580:active , .u9340db2666f32295bfc0349715688580:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u9340db2666f32295bfc0349715688580 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u9340db2666f32295bfc0349715688580 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u9340db2666f32295bfc0349715688580 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u9340db2666f32295bfc0349715688580 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u9340db2666f32295bfc0349715688580:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u9340db2666f32295bfc0349715688580 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u9340db2666f32295bfc0349715688580 .u9340db2666f32295bfc0349715688580-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u9340db2666f32295bfc0349715688580:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: School Vouchers: Education Choices EssayA difference of about 70 centimeters between high and low water on the Caribbean coast contrasts sharply with over 700 centimeters on the Pacific coast, and 130 kilometers up the Ro Tuira the range is still over 500 centimeters. The mountain range of the divide is called the Cordillera de Talamanca near the Costa Rican border. Farther east it becomes the Serrana de Tabasar, and the portion of it closer to the lower portion of the isthmus, where the canal is located, is often called the Sierra de Veraguas. The major animal life is primarily Birds which are a primary indicator of biodiversity Panama has 936 species of birds. Public education began in Panama soon after independence from Colombia in 1903 child should. By the 1920s, Panamanian education was good, explicitly designed to assist the able and ambitious individual in search of upward social mobility. In the late 1930s, as much as one- fourth of the national budget went to education. Between 1920 and 1934, primary-school enrollment doubled. Adult illiteracy, more than 70 percent in 1923, dropped to roughly half the adult population in more than a decade. By the early 1950s, adult illiteracy had dropped to 28. The 1950s saw essentially no improvement; adult illiteracy was 27 percent in 1960. There were ains in the 1960s, however, and the rate of adult illiteracy dropped 8 percentage points by 1970. According to 1980 estimates, only 13 percent of Panamanians over 10 years of age were illiterate. Men and women were equally represented among the literate. The most notable disparity was between urban and rural Panama; From the 1950s through the early 1980s, educational enrollments expanded faster than the rate of population growth and, for most of that period, faster than the school-aged population. School attendance was good for children from ages six through fifteen years, or until the completion of primary school. A six-year primary ycle was followed by two types of secondary school programs: an academic-oriented program and a vocational-type program. In addition to the academic program, there was a vocational type secondary-school program that offered professional or technical courses aimed specifically at giving students the technical skills needed for employment following graduation. In the mid- 1980s, nearly one-quarter of all secondary students chose this type of course. Like the more academic-oriented secondaryschool program, the vocational-type program was divided into two cycles. Students could choose their studies from a variety of specializations, including griculture, art, commerce, and industrial trades. Admission to the university normally required the bachillerato (graduation certificate or baccalaureate), awarded on completion of the upper part of the academic course of studies, although the University of Panama had some latitude in determining admissions standards. The bachillerato was generally considered an essential component of middle-class status. Public secondary schools that offered the baccalaureate degree also offered the lower cycle. They were generally located in provincial capital cities. The oldest, largest, and most highly regarded of hese was the National Institute in Panama City. The University of Panama grew out of it, and the school had produced so many public figures that it was known as the Nest of Eagles. It tended to draw its student body from upwardly mobile rather than long-established elements of the elite. Its students were well known for their political activism. Another college, the Colegio del Istmo, was started early in the nineteenth century, but the school did not prosper, and Panamanians who wished to pursue a higher education were required to go abroad or to Colombia until 1935, when the University of Panama was founded. In the mid-1980s, most presecondary schooling took place within the university. Other institutions, such as the School of Nursing and the Superior Center for Bilingual Secretaries, made up for less than 3 percent of enrollment at this educational level. There are Fourteen ports, the most important Balboa (Pacific) and Cristbal (Atlantic) at the entrances to Panama Canal. There were 3 separate, unconnected Railroad systems totalling 238 kilometers. Main line between Panama City and Coln (seventy-six kilometers). .u5bcc41eaee8b3a05dd6e87ed6aae8d49 , .u5bcc41eaee8b3a05dd6e87ed6aae8d49 .postImageUrl , .u5bcc41eaee8b3a05dd6e87ed6aae8d49 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5bcc41eaee8b3a05dd6e87ed6aae8d49 , .u5bcc41eaee8b3a05dd6e87ed6aae8d49:hover , .u5bcc41eaee8b3a05dd6e87ed6aae8d49:visited , .u5bcc41eaee8b3a05dd6e87ed6aae8d49:active { border:0!important; } .u5bcc41eaee8b3a05dd6e87ed6aae8d49 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5bcc41eaee8b3a05dd6e87ed6aae8d49 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5bcc41eaee8b3a05dd6e87ed6aae8d49:active , .u5bcc41eaee8b3a05dd6e87ed6aae8d49:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5bcc41eaee8b3a05dd6e87ed6aae8d49 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5bcc41eaee8b3a05dd6e87ed6aae8d49 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5bcc41eaee8b3a05dd6e87ed6aae8d49 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5bcc41eaee8b3a05dd6e87ed6aae8d49 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5bcc41eaee8b3a05dd6e87ed6aae8d49:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5bcc41eaee8b3a05dd6e87ed6aae8d49 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5bcc41eaee8b3a05dd6e87ed6aae8d49 .u5bcc41eaee8b3a05dd6e87ed6aae8d49-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5bcc41eaee8b3a05dd6e87ed6aae8d49:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Sports vs Performing Arts EssayOther two n west, originating in David and Almirante, respectively, and continuing across the Costa Rican border. In 1984 about 9,535 kilometers of roadside twined through Panama, 32 percent asphalted. Principal axes are Pan-American Highway, running across Panama from Costa Rica toward Colombia. There are eight main airport fields, including one international airport: General Omar Torrijos International Airport, more commonly known as Tocumen International Airport, near Panama City. The trans-isthmian pipeline completed in 1982. Approximately eighty-one kilometers long, running from Puerto Armuelles to Chiriqu Grande.

Essay on emma free essay sample

?In any card game that is being played, every-one has a chance at success, or failure, depending on how they play the game. In the short story, ‘Emma’ written by Carolyn Cole, we are introduced to a scenario phrased by an innocent little girl who views the adult’s life as a game. We see the character Emma struggling to please both her daughter and husband and the character Mrs. Robinson who is a single mother and has her eyes set on a man with money. Mrs. Robinson is just a deceitful woman waiting for Emma to back down from the game so she can rightfully claim the ‘trophy’. The characters Emma and Mrs. Robinson can both be similarly compared and contrasted based on their physical appearance, personality and life experience. First of all these women are contrasted based on their physical appearance. The character Emma is viewed as a beautiful woman with a tall, slim, body with black hair, â€Å"Emma’s black hair,† (page 52). We will write a custom essay sample on Essay on emma or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page On the other hand Mrs. Robinson is just an average looking woman with a short plump body, as Dory states â€Å"she wanted me to be her mama cause I’m short like her mama,† (page 52) and black hair, â€Å"Mrs. Robinson’s red hair look pretty,† (page 52). Even though these women have distinct appearances they are similar in some way because both of them are females who are in their mid-20s. These women can now be contrasted on their personalities. Emma is a sweet and cheerful mother. She is seen as a ‘Goddess’ in the eyes of her daughter and her playmate that they even fight with each other to play her role in their games. Mrs. Robinson is not a loving mother. She is not favored by the girls because neither of them wants to play as her role in their games as Dory complains, â€Å"I like to play grown up games but I don’t like when I have to be her mommy,† (page 52). Both of these women’s personality can be related to each other because both of them knew that they were playing the ‘game’ which was to keep the ‘player’. Emma and Mrs. Robinson had different life experiences and each of them dealt with it differently. Emma is a married woman who is in love with her husband and she tries her best to please him. Contrary, Mrs. Robinson is a single mother who is not looking for love but rather for someone with ‘money’ who will delight her with material things. Emma and Mrs. Robinson’s life experience can now be similarly compared because both of them were caught up in the game of life, even though they played differently. After comparing and contrasting Emma and Mrs. Robinson, I think I prefer Emma because she is a very loving and caring mother who not only looks after herself but also for her loved ones as well.

Dual Career Couples and Career Development Essay Example

Dual Career Couples and Career Development Paper DUAL CAREER COUPLES AND CAREER DEVELOPMENT, FAMILY AND REALLOCATION ISSUES SERVICES PROVIDED BY LARGE CORPORATIONS AND SMALL COMPANIES ABSTRACT As the dual career couples phenomenal increase rapidly in the global economy, large and small companies need to provide reliable services in order to alleviate the work-life challenges to support dual career couples in the complex issues they often faced. This paper will focus in the family career and reallocation issues of dual career couples and what are the approaches from large and small companies towards them. CONTENT 1. INTRODUCTION 2. LITERATURE REVIEW 2. 1. FAMILY CAREER ISSUES 2. 2. REALLOCATION ISSUES 3. CONCLUSIONS 4. REFERENCES 1. Introduction: Dual career couple is a common term used for marriages who both wife and husband have careers and work outside home. The challenges faced by these couples has been purpose of study for HR managers, as they are more complex that those that traditional couples face. In the last 30 years the number of dual-career couples has growth at a phenomenal rate. In mostly all developed countries as well in some of the third world countries, women represent half of the work force. The traditional figure of a family that only the man was the primary breadwinner while the woman stay home to take care of the children and the house was much more common before 1970 than today. According to a recent study of the US bureau of labor statistics, dual career marriages, which both partners are managers or professional, represent more of 80% of the US couples. We will write a custom essay sample on Dual Career Couples and Career Development specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Dual Career Couples and Career Development specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Dual Career Couples and Career Development specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Women has experimented an era of liberation and today are thought to pursuit career success, financial independence, self-sufficiency and plan a life having higher impact outside home. Women that graduated from college have more knowledge about the existing possibilities in their society. The dogma of the traditional family simply does not work among career couples, women that are better educated occupied professional and executive positions not because they have to, but because they want to. The desire for individual and combine success lead couples to restructure their marital roles changing the structure in the modern families. As the wife does not stay at home to do the housework the division of the home responsibilities is a must. The ideology of equality in marital roles emerges as a necessity to the eager of find common opportunities. Dual-career couples have to cope with different dilemmas of how to support each other’s career development together with the common responsibilities like childcare, housekeeping, and their personal relationship. These couples often have greater demands from the organization that employed them and be able to respond to these needs become a necessary priority for many companies. This essay pretends to explain what the challenges of dual career couples are and how those challenges are handle in large and small companies around the world. 2. Literature review Due to the exceptional increase of career families over the past three decades, dual career couples are bringing HR managers attention today more than ever. The study of the challenges of dual career couples and career development is a common topic in almost any human resource book. For methodological purpose this essay will be focus in two main topics: Family career issues and relocation issues. Comparing what are the strategies and the services provide for large and small organizations. 2. 1. Family Career issues For dual career couples with children, family issues may conflict with career progression. The employees not only need to be efficient at work but they also need to be competent and responsible with their family roles. The current competitive environment in business requires a lot of time, effort and work for professionals to develop their career successfully; this cause a lot of personal stress that is usually transfer from one partner to the other. When both partners seek to maximize their career development the family can be in serious conflict and under a lot of stress that become even more complex in couples with children or other family responsibilities. The job stress is linked to psychological well-being and this not only affects the individual worker but also his family. The strategies used to escape from a difficult situation and reduce emotional and physical reactions to stress are usually not just an individual effort; these strategies require help from the organization and from the family. As noted, the welfare of a spouse depends in part on the actions of the other partner. The dual-career families require concessions and understanding of family and business, which means a psychological commitment of the couple, with their family and personal relations, their individual careers and the organization. This type of families tend to solve their issues keeping in mind what is best for the family, over what is best as an individual. With the increase of married women in the work force, more companies have recognized the stressful situation of dual career couples and they have decided to incorporated more flexibility in their policies and personal selection, and in career planning, placement and promotions. 2. 2. The relocation issue We lived in an era of multinational companies and a large proportion of large companies hold under their portfolios several branches in different cities and countries. The knowledge of professional employees is converted into in a valuable asset for these companies and the relocation of key individuals turns into a common exercise for these corporations. In case of a relocation, the welfare of the employee’s family obey as an organization’s concern about how to recruit and retain the best employees. In many cases the services provide from the organization as support to the relocation is a vital factor for many employees to decided to accept or not a relocation. Many studies show that the main concerns of an employee that face a reallocation is the impact on his partner’s career. Is fundamental in dual career couples that faced reallocation to expect that the trailing spouse would be able to find a job and to continue the development of his or her career. This includes topics as work permits, job hunting and reallocation services. Large corporations have actively engaged in providing their employees with relocation services, especially when recruiting senior executive as many of them are unwilling to reallocate unless the accompanying spouse receives suitable employment assistance. These corporations created departments that assist the accompanying partners to find the proper job and successfully continue their career in the new location. Certainly most small companies do not have the resources to provide these services and results in a traumatic experience for the accompanying spouse or partner in a dual career couple to find a job. What translate in extra stress in their employees and could even lead in resignation. 3. Conclusions and Recommendations It is important that career development problems in dual career couples are recognized in the early stages when is still possible to make the corrections and if is possible should involve both partners in the planning even when one is not employed by the company. Large companies developed organizational policies related to their employees’ family as a key support factor for career families to cope with their challenges. This support is translated in the development of specialized centers within the organization to study dual career couple, career development and women at work. As well other policy to increase and improve their support like family days, flexible schedule, telecommuting, day-care services for children, feedback on their performance and in general any activity that could generate value from the organization to their employees. These types of organizational policies and services are expensive and many small companies cannot afford them. Large corporations have more specialized HR department and can allocate more resources to these projects and services. Small companies with limited financial resources cannot provide services as large corporation do. Also large corporations have more specialized work division and can reduce work burden on an employee if is necessary, in small corporation professionals tend to have many roles and the temporal absence of any employee cannot be easily compensate. Nevertheless is a must for small corporations to develop policies to support dual career couples. Small companies could take advantage of their close relation between shareholders and management team, getting to know much closer the challenges faced by its team and providing more focus solutions to those problems. Additional today many consulting companies provide services oriented to these employees problems and giving the opportunity to small companies to outsources those services. 4. References Books ? Mathis, R. , Jackson, J. , (2010) Human Resource Management. 13th edition. Cengage Learning. ? Sweet, S. , Moen, P. , Meiksins P,. (2007) Dual Earners in Double Jeopardy: Preparing for Job Loss in the New Risk Economy. Emerald Group Publishing Limited ? ? ? Hardill, I. , (2002) Gender, migration and the dual career household. Routledge Bohlander, G. Snell, S. , (2009) Managing Human Resources. Cengage Learning, Wolf-Wendel L. , Twombly, S. , Rice, S. , (2003) The two-body problem: dual-careercouple hiring policies in higher education. JHU Press ? ? Weihrich, H. , (2007) Management. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. Harris, H. , Brewster, C. , Sparrow, P,. (2003) International Human Resources Management. CIPD Publishig. ? Gilley, J. , Eggland, S. , Gilley, A. , (2002) Principles of Human Resource De velopment. 2nd edition. Basic Books. Ivancevich, J. (2009) Human Resource Management, 11th Edition. ?

Consumption and Leisure essay

Consumption and Leisure essay Consumption and Leisure essay Consumption and Leisure essayAccording to Kevin Latham (2011) â€Å"Consumption and Leisure†, there was observed huge progress in the spheres related to leisure and consumption in China during the previous three decades. The Chinese society stopped being a state-capitalist community as it was in the earlier years. Today, it represents a sophisticated society characterized by ever-growing wisdom and astuteness within the consumer and leisure sectors. The consumer society of modern China is likely to remain as it is now for a long period of time without losing its basic features in the predictable future. However, the article suggests that the pattern of consumption adopted by modern Chinese society is likely to move to the less developed and distant parts of the country. This may happen even if the drastic gap between the different parts of the country in terms of leisure and consumption is not eliminated and even if the economically undeveloped regions remain the way they look like nowadays. The author of the article assumes that the tendency of Chinese consumers to grow more and more sophisticated in their product selection is likely to penetrate the remote parts of China as well. The author concludes that this process is foreseen to continue developing at a high rate in the nearest future.Hugo de Burgh in his article â€Å"Kings without crowns? The re-emergence of investigative journalism in China† suggests that the fact that the journalists in China consider â€Å"investigative journalism† to be of much importance indicates the on-going changes taking place within the Chinese society and represents a proof of their own significance in the process of China’s development. However, â€Å"investigative journalism† arouses crucial differences in viewpoints as to what exactly such kind of journalism implies. The author of the article claims that one of the interpretations of the fact that â€Å"investigative journalism† ha s reemerged is the establishment of a new set of rights. In fact, â€Å"investigative journalism† can be viewed as an expression of the process of â€Å"Westernization†. In his article, Hugo de Burgh attempted to analyze possible interpretations of the â€Å"investigative journalism† phenomenon including myths and facts related to it. The author also explains the expression â€Å"Kings without crowns† suggesting that in modern days journalists fulfill the traditional and culturally acceptable roles, at the same time using certain renewed concepts. It suggests that journalists turned into the reproducers of the traditional and cultural values of China.According to Zhao Yuezhi (2008) â€Å"Entertaining the masses†, the essence of engaging the outside social powers in the system of Chinese communication has considerably changed since the times when the private newspapers have been part of the post-revolutionary mass media back in the 1950s. It also ha ppened along with the establishment of mass media run by the citizens during the reform process in the late 1970s. Nowadays, in terms of the citizen-run mass media still being oppressed and private capital still being prohibited, unstable organizations are officially acknowledged and encouraged to take part in a vast variety of activities within the cultural and mass media business spheres. As a result, a new system has been established. This newly formed system allows the country to keep to its ideologies in the mass media industry. The article suggests that all this is a complex process of involving private capital into the modern media industry in China. The author concludes that today, Chinese mass media and cultural industry is viewed as a new scene for conducting â€Å"the game of capital† rather than an area of cultural expression and social communication.

Science Fiction & Fantasy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Science Fiction & Fantasy - Essay Example Still others have pointed to Tolkien’s wonderfully descriptive term ‘eucatastrophe’ as a means of both describing the ending of the tale as well as to highlight a theme that runs throughout the novel. Political concepts related to the novel have abounded, including everything from an examination of the relationship of steward/king to kingdom and an analogy drawn between the events of the trilogy and the personalities of Joseph Stalin and the West. While this tendency to analyze the work from such isolated viewpoints reveals a wealth of detailed information, the practice also promotes a sense that that trilogy is little more than a pastiche of fragments. However, each of these elements – religion, environment, ‘eucatastrophe’ and the political question of a king vs. a steward – can be seen to provide an important detail that contributes to the cohesiveness of the work as a whole. The overall Christian concept of original sin and the fall of man, especially as it is emphasized within the Catholic tradition, is first suggested in the greater ability of the race of hobbits to resist the pull of the One Ring over that of the humans, who have presumably already fallen out of the Garden of Eden and therefore have already demonstrated a greater susceptibility to evil. This is primarily shown through the quick seduction of Isildur and then Boromir by the ring versus the slow working of it upon Frodo and even Bilbo. However, the hobbits remain connected, however distantly, with humans and are susceptible to the ring if exposed to it for long periods of time, which is exemplified in the Gollum and traced through the effect seen on even good hobbits such as Bilbo and Frodo Baggins. The idea that mankind has fallen is also illustrated in the near-collapsed state of Gondor, a once-great nation, as well as the sad state of affairs to be found in Rohan. The nations of men are about to collapse

Teachers' Role in Early Literacy (community involvement in early Essay

Teachers' Role in Early Literacy (community involvement in early childhood education) - Essay Example Encouraging children toward literacy can be achieved through the interactions of the teacher with the play environments and through an understanding of how those imaginative results of play are part of the learning process towards textual based interactions. The theories of Vygotsky and Piaget on symbolic play support the idea that in creating play scenarios and adapting to roles, young children are engaging language towards literacy. Teachers can create appropriate environments in which children are observed at times or played with by the teacher in order to encourage literacy. In an examination of the nature of play as it relates to the development of literacy, this paper will explore the ideas of Vygotsky and Piaget as they can be associated to teacher participation in play environments with the intention of supporting early literacy. Literacy and Language Machado (2012) discusses the term literacy and breaks it down into four concepts: listening, speaking, reading, and writing, a ll of which are connected by the thinking process. The processes of interpretation are closely related to visual literacy as what is seen is then interpreted through textual concepts. This means that as a teacher in an early childhood environment, it is important that the overlap of language arts be explored through a variety of interactions. Machodo (2012) goes on to discuss how when children are introduced to reading skills or learn reading skills on their own before kindergarten, the interest in reading should be directed towards understanding the interrelatedness of all of the skills of listening, speaking, reading and writing. While sight recognition may be the source of early reading, interrelationships between the four key concepts are crucial for competent early literacy. There are a great many approaches to interacting with children in order to encourage literacy at an early age. Christie (1991) did a study in which imaginative function was used for four year olds who were first told to draw pictures, and then to ‘write’ stories through their own imagined concept of writing. The children then ‘read’ their stories, creating a literary connection between their drawings and their concept of storytelling. Reciting Halliday’s model, Christie (1991) stated that â€Å"the lifelike context of discourse directly affected the texts produced by the children† (p. 198). Children related their experiences in having been read to with producing their own stories that followed similar themes even though the text was imagined by them as they had yet to have grasped the written language skills to actually write the story. Children respond to literacy in relationship to how they perceive textual tools around them. In placing children into a village type atmosphere, they related stories about their roles in relationship to textual contexts by producing letters in the post office, mommy writing checks and so on (Christie, 1991). In o rder to extend this adaptation of textual roles in relationship to their environment, the teacher should have literary materials, such as papers and marking instruments at each play center in order to encourage the interaction of play and literacy. Vygotsky and Piaget Concepts in play as they relate to early literacy were explored by Vygotsky and Piaget, linking symbolic play to â€Å"